Scabies is an infection caused by a tiny mite that burrows under the skin usually on the hands, ankles, wrists or male genitalia.  They then live there and lay eggs.  Having these mites under the skin induces an allergic reaction which in turn causes a rash with extreme itching.  Scabies is more common in children but can occur at any age.  It is highly contagious and is spread through direct person to person contact.  The scabies mite cannot live long outside the body but sometimes it can be spread from contact with clothes, linen, etc if the infected person has just touched them.

Scabies

The rash usually develops between two to six weeks after the person has become infected.  The itching usually worsens at night or after a bath or shower when skin is hot. Sometimes burrow marks can be seen on the skin but most often they are hidden by marks caused by scratching or the rash itself.  These burrow marks are thin zigzag lines and are easier to see on hands or feet.

Scabies is treated with a scabicide which is a lotion or cream but it needs to be applied correctly or it may not work.  It needs to be applied twice with a week between each application and should be applied to cool dry skin.  The cream then should be washed off between eight and twenty four hours later.

Everyone in close contact with a person who has been diagnosed with scabies needs to be treated at the same time to make sure the infection has been completely erased.  All bed linen should be washed at a high temperature to make sure that all mites are killed.

Eczema can be described as a generalized term for various inflamed skin complaints, and one of the most common forms is atopic eczema. Although eczema varies in appearance from person to person, it can usually be characterized by red, very itchy blotches on the skin. People often refer to the condition as the “itch that rashes” because when an itch is scratched, a rash appears.

Eczema can occur almost anywhere on the body, and typically on the face, neck, insides of elbows and knees and the ankles. It affects people in different ways, with some reporting oozing blisters, and others scaly, dry and red skin. In time the skin becomes leathery in texture and thickens due to chronic scratching.

A lot of substances have been found to act as “triggers” in individuals suffering from eczema and these triggers are not the same for everybody. Some of these triggers include coarse material in contact with skin, causing an itch; feeling hot and sweaty; soaps detergents and disinfectants; dust mites, juices; animal saliva; respiratory infections; and stress.

Eczema can occur in both adults and children but usually appears at infancy. Even though there is no obvious cause for the condition, it does seem to affect individuals with a family history of different allergies. Outbreaks can frequently be avoided by following some simple precautions: moisturizing frequently, avoiding sudden temperature fluctuations, try to avoid sweating, reducing stress and avoiding “scratchy” materials, avoiding harsh detergents.

Eczema

Down syndrome is a genetic disorder otherwise known as trisomy and it is where an individual has inherited an additional or extra copy of a particular chromosome. In the case of Down’s syndrome, the affected individuals have three copies rather than two of chromosome 21. The consequence of this additional copy is that it changes the balance of the body resulting in characteristic intellectual and physical features.

Down Syndrome

There are three kinds of Down’s syndrome: regular trisomy 21 which is where all the cells in the body have an extra chromosome 21 and is the most common type of the condition with nearly 94% affected with Down’s having it; translocation, which is where extra chromosome 21 material attaches to another chromosome, and four percent have this type; and mosaic, which is where only some of the cells have additional chromosome 21. This usually has milder features than the other two types and only two percent of affected individuals have mosaic.

Down syndrome sufferers look different to normal people and usually have a flat type of facial profile with eyes slanting upwards. Smaller ears, protruding tongue and a flat back of the head are other features. Individuals affected tend to be shorter than normal, have poor muscle tone and have broad, short hands. Half the affected individuals have a heart defect, which can be treated in some, but not others. Some have problems with their gut, making it difficult to eat while increasing the risk of constipation and thyroid problems.

There is no cure for Down syndrome but there are treatments available for the accompanying symptoms as well as support for the learning difficulties.